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One of the goals of the UN Decade Ocean Science Tsunami Programme is that by 2030
actionable notifications are issued for all tsunamis, irrespective of source. In the Caribbean,
14% of all probable and definite historical tsunamis are associated with volcanoes (NOAA
National Centers for Environmental Information). A tsunami triggered by the the Hunga Tonga
Hunga Ha'apai eruption of January 15, 2022, was the most recent to be observed in the
Caribbean and adjacent regions. This event as well as the eruption and related tsunami at
Anak Krakatau (2018) and the eruptions of Kick’em Jenny (2015, 2017, 2018, 2020), Saint
Vincent (2020) and La Palma (2021) reinforced the need for a tsunami warning system that
can handle such non-seismic events.
The UNESCO/IOC Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami and Other Coastal
Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions was established in 2005. It
coordinates tsunami warning and mitigation activities, including the issuance of tsunami
bulletins for its 48 Member States and territories. Following the eruptions of Kick‘em Jenny in
2015, it established the Volcanic Sources Task Team to address the challenge of these nonseismic
sources. A warning system, as the one operated by Tsunami Service Providers, (TSP,
ie, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center), is classically based on seismic and sea level data.
Determined earthquake locations and magnitudes trigger initial action from the TSP, while sea
level data confirm tsunami generation and help refine forecasts. For volcano sources, the task
team has proposed that volcano observatories send messages to the TSP’s alerting them to
potential and ongoing eruptions. These messages, vis a vis seismic information, would be the
basis for TSP’s to issue initial standardized bulletins and products. The 2019 and 2023 CARIBE
WAVE exercises included scenarios to test products and procedures for volcanic
sources. However, more actions are required, including advancing the modeling of volcano
scenarios and forecasting of triggered tsunamis, as well as expanding observations, including
seismic and geodetic.
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